Abu Musa al-Ash’ari: The just and wise companion of the Prophet

Abu Musa al-Ash’ari was one of the most prominent companions of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), known for his deep knowledge of the Quran, wisdom, and judicial acumen. His full name was Abdullah ibn Qays al-Ash’ari.

He was born in Yemen and belonged to a distinguished lineage within the Ash’ar tribe. He embraced Islam early during the Prophet’s mission, reportedly after hearing about Islam’s message while in Makkah, thus becoming one of the earliest Muslims from Yemen. After he had accepted Islam, he returned to his native Yemen to propagate the faith. He was among the Muslims who migrated to Abyssinia (modern-day Ethiopia), fleeing persecution in Makkah. He lived there until 628, following the conquest of Khaybar and rejoined the Prophet (PBUH) in Madinah with more than fifty converts from Yemen, including his two brothers Abu Ruhm and Abu Burdah.

He became closely associated with the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Abu Musa al-Ash’ari was highly liked by the Prophet for his piety, humility, and understanding of Islam. He was renowned for his beautiful recitation of the Quran, which deeply moved those who heard him. The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) once remarked, “O Abu Musa! You have been given a flute from the flutes of the family of Daud.” (Sahih al-Bukhari) This statement reflected the Prophet’s admiration for Abu Musa’s melodious and heartfelt Quranic recitation.

During the Prophet’s lifetime, Abu Musa played an active role in various military expeditions. His courage and leadership skills were evident, and he was entrusted with important responsibilities, including leading armies and governing different regions. His knowledge of the Quran and his ability to apply its teachings with wisdom made him a respected figure among the companions.

After the death of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), Abu Musa al-Ash’ari continued to serve the Muslim community with distinction. He was appointed governor of Basra and Kufah during the caliphates of Umar ibn Khattab and Uthman bin Affan. His tenure as governor was marked by justice, humility, and fairness. He worked tirelessly to uphold Islamic principles, administer justice, and ensure the welfare of the people under his rule.

He also encouraged Islamic scholarship and emphasised the importance of knowledge and religious devotion. He was deeply committed to propagating the teachings of Islam and played a crucial role in the expansion of the Muslim empire to Persia and beyond.

One of the most defining moments in Abu Musa al-Ash’ari’s life was his role as an arbitrator in the political conflict between the 4th Caliph, Ali ibn Abi Talib and Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan. The dispute arose after the Battle of Siffin (657 CE), which was fought between the forces of the fourth caliph, Ali, and those of Muawiya, who was the governor of Syria.

To resolve the conflict, both parties agreed to arbitration, and Abu Musa was chosen to represent Ali’s side, while Amr ibn al-As represented Muawiya’s. Since he loathed fights between Muslims, in this particular conflict, he was seen as a neutral arbiter. The arbitration process was complex and fraught with challenges. Abu Musa, known for his sincerity and honesty, advocated for a peaceful resolution. However, he was outmaneuvered politically by Amr ibn al-As, which resulted in an outcome that further complicated the conflict rather than resolving it. Despite this, Abu Musa’s intentions remained pure, and he continued to serve Islam with integrity.

Abu Musa continued to remain neutral in the conflict which was ended by Ali when he made a treaty with Muawiyah confirming him as the one responsible for governing Syria and Egypt.

Abu Musa al-Ash’ari was known for his humility and simplicity, often avoiding material luxuries despite his high status. His knowledge of Islamic jurisprudence and the Quran made him one of the most respected scholars among the companions.

He frequently advised people on the importance of sincerity, patience, and trust in Allah. One of his famous sayings was, “The example of the believer who recites the Quran is like a citron: its fragrance is pleasant and its taste is sweet.”

He spent the rest of his life near the Sacred Mosque in Makkah, where he died around 662 (42 AH).